I. Use of English (Cloze)

    Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories___ 1___ on the individual suggest that children engaged in criminal behavior___ 2___ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through___ 3___ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in___ 4___ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status___ 5___ as a rejection of middle-class values.

    Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,___6___ the fact that children from wealthy families also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes___ 7___ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are___ 8___ to criticism.

    Changes in the social structure may indirectly___ 9___ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that___ 10___ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment___ 11___ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in___ 12___ lead more youths into criminal behavior.

    Families have also___ 13___ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents;___ 14___, children are likely to have less supervision at home___ 15___ was common in the traditional family___ 16___. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other___ 17___ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased___ 18___ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing___ 19___ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act,___ 20___ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. (287 words)

1. A. acting            B. relying             C. centering               D. commenting
2. A. if             B. unless             C. until                  D. because
3. A. interactions       B. assimilation         C. cooperation            D. consultation
4. A. return            B. reply              C. reference               D. response
5. A. or               B. but rather          C. but                    D. or else
6. A. considering        B. ignoring            C. highlighting             D. discarding
7. A. on               B. in                 C. for                    D. with
8. A. immune           B. resistant            C. sensitive               D. subject
9. A. affect            B. reduce            C. check                 D. reflect
10. A. point            B. lead               C. come                  D. amount
11. A. in general         B. on average          C. by contrast             D. at length
12. A. case             B. short               C. turn            D. essence
13. A. survived          B. noticed            C. undertaken             D. experienced
14. A. contrarily         B. consequently       C. similarly               D. simultaneously
15. A. than             B. that               C. which                 D. as
16. A. system           B. structure           C. concept                D. heritage
17. A. assessable        B. identifiable         C. negligible              D. incredible
18. A. expense          B. restriction          C. allocation              D. availability
19. A. incidence         B. awareness          C. exposure           D. popularity
20. A. provided       B. since              C. although         D. supposing