section ii use of english
　　
　　directions： read the following text. choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark a， b， c or d on answer sheet 1. （10 points）
　　
　　many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency （crimes committed by young people） focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. theories （21） ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior （22） ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through （23） ____ with others. theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in （24） ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status （25） ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.
　　
　　most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families， （26） ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. the latter may commit crimes （27） ____ lack of adequate parental control. all theories， however， are tentative and are （28） ____ to criticism.
　　
　　changes in the social structure may indirectly （29） ____ juvenile crime rates. for example， changes in the economy that （30） ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment （31） ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. the resulting discontent may in （32） ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
　　
　　families have also （33） ____ changes these years. more families consist of one parent households or two working parents； （34） ____， children are likely to have less supervision at home （35） ____ was common in the traditional family （36） ____. this lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.
　　
　　other （37） ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school， the increased （38） ____ of drugs and alcohol， and the growing （39） ____ of child abuse and child neglect. all these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act， （40） ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
　　
　　21. [a] acting [b] relying [c] centering [d] cementing
　　
　　22. [a] before [b] unless [c] until [d] because
　　
　　23. [a] interactions [b] assimilation [c] cooperation [d] consultation
　　
　　24. [a] return [b] reply [c] reference [d] response
　　
　　25. [a] or [b] but rather [c] but [d] or else
　　
　　26. [a] considering [b] ignoring [c] highlighting [d] discarding
　　
　　27. [a] on [b] in [c] for [d] with
　　
　　28. [a] immune [b] resistant [c] sensitive [d] subject
　　
　　29. [a] affect [b] reduce [c] chock [d] reflect
　　
　　30. [a] point [b] lead [c] come [d] amount
　　
　　31. [a] in general [b] on average [c] by contrast [d] at length
　　
　　32. [a] case [b] short [c] turn [d] essence
　　
　　33. [a] survived [b] noticed [c] undertaken [d] experienced
　　
　　34. [a] contrarily [b] consequently [c] similarly [d] simultaneously
　　
　　35. [a] than [b] that [c] which [d] as
　　
　　36. [a] system [b] structure [c] concept [d] heritage
　　
　　37. [a] assessable [b] identifiable [c] negligible [d] incredible
　　
　　38. [a] expense [b] restriction [c] allocation [d] availability
　　
　　39. [a] incidence [b] awareness [c] exposure [d] popularity
　　
　　40. [a] provided [b] since [c] although [d] supposing
　　
　　21.c / centering（着重于、突出、强调）。本题的答案线索是本文第一段第1句的谓语动词focus on（强调、着重、把中心置于……、聚焦于……）。本题选项a、b、d和介词on搭配使用后的含义分别是作用于……、依赖于和评论、评述。
　　
　　22.d / because （由于，因为）。本题的答案线索是本文第一段第1句中的causes（原因）一词，该词提示考生本文探讨有关青少年犯罪（juvenile delinquency / criminal behavior）原因的理论学说。由于22题前的内容是青少年从事犯罪行为，22题就应选用表达原因之类的词语。本题a、b、c选项的含义分别是在……之前、除非、直到。
　　
　　23.a / interaction （交往、互动）。俗话说：近墨者黑。23题空白处之前的内容是青少年沾染上了犯罪行为，空白处的内容是与其他的人，故答案线索明确暗示：与其他人的来往 / 交往。本题b、c、d选项的含义分别是同化，吸收、合作、咨询。
　　
　　24.d / response （反应）。本题答案线索仍然是本文第一段第1句中causes（原因）一词。全文涉及青少年犯罪原因的理论，这是全文的中心灵魂，也是解题的根本点。24题空白处前面的内容是青少年犯罪，空白处后面的内容是他们失败了，空白前后又是一对因果关系，故选项d（in） response （to） …（对……的行为反应）是正确选项。本文a、b、c选项的含义分别是归还；回报、回答，回复、参考。
　　
　　25.a / or（或者）。本题的答案线索有两条。其一是上一句话中构成两个that宾语从句平行的连词or。其二是本句中25题空白前后的两个介词短语in …和as…。or使这两个介词短语形成了介词短语的平行结构。本题b、c、d选项的含义分别是然而、但是、否则；要不然。
　　
　　26.b / ignoring （忽略，忽视）。选项b是现在分词形式，在本句中充当伴随状语，修饰其前主语中的谓语动词focused on（强调，突出，聚焦于……）。本题的答案线索：26题空白处前的含义是把目光 / 注意力放在贫困家庭青少年的犯罪，空白处后的含义是来自富裕家庭青少年的犯罪，贫困和富裕本身就是鲜明的对立，十分注意（focused）前者的时候就不可避免地忽略（ignoring）后者。故选项b是正确选项。本题a、c、d选项的含义分别是考虑、强调，突出、扔掉，抛弃。