（三）列举法
通过列举一系列的论据对主题句中的论点进行广泛、全面的陈述或解释，列举的顺序可按照所列各点的内容的相对重要性、时间、空间来排列，
「Example 」The Other Side of City Life
In the eyes of many people， city life is attractive with all its advantages and convenience，yet they don't see the other side of the picture. First， with the expansion of the city， housing has become a serious problem for city people. Then， there is the problem of pollution： harmful gases from vehicles and poisonous water from factories pollute our surroundings； noise continually disturbs your peace and rest and drives you mad. Thirdly， modern city life puts a high pressure upon people； you have to hurry to and from work； you have to dodge in so as to avoid bumping into the flood of people， bicycles， cars， buses…； all day long you are under great stress. Fourthly， big cities also cause some social problems. Of which high crime rate is the most serious one. People are justifiably in fear of becoming victims of burglary， robbery， murder and other crimes at any time. They should find some ways to cope with all these problems.
（四）举例法
在主题句中简要、概括地说明一个段落的主题思想之后，可以用具体的、生动的事例来支撑论证主题，向目标读者展示并使他们具体感受主题句中尚未展开的内容和细节。「Example 」This term several useful and interesting courses have been offered. An Introduction to European Culture， for instance， gives us a lot of background knowledge of the history of European philosophy， literature， and arts. From time to time we see slide shows of famous paintings and hear tapes of famous pieces of music， and they make the lectures all the more interesting. American Society and Culture is another course that attracts a large audience. The teacher， who visited the United States not long ago， discusses new trends and changes in American life as well as American history and traditions. We like these and other courses very much， because they help us not only to improve our English but also to broaden our vision.
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（五）比较和对比
比较（comparison）主要是指出两个或两个以上不同种类的事物的共同点或相似之处， 如人物、地点、事物、思想、观点等。对照（contrast）主要是指出它们的不同点。相同的或类似的特征可以组成比较，不同的特征则可以组成对照。不仅如此，比较和对比常常同时使用，这是因为比较中往往隐含着对比。
比较和对比常有两种形式，即整体比较和对比（block comparison and contrast）与逐项比较（alternating comparison）。「Example 」Although Ulysses S. Gran...[查看详情] | 
